The third volume of the Fishing in the Rio Negro series seeks to value the way of life of indigenous and riverbank peoples of the middle Rio Negro. This is a remote region of huge geographical extent, with a rich socio-environmental heritage but with low national economic and political visibility. With a social dynamic of its own, an ancient history of occupation, and colonization projects dating from the XVII century, the Rio Negro has a huge social and cultural diversity. Traditional knowledge associated with fishing techniques, gear and socio-environmental relations are part of this heritage, which constitutes the Rio Negro’s way of life and are therefore key for the preservation and reproduction of the region’s socio-biodiversity.